DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP

A. Nature Leadership

Before discussing further what is leadership and how to be effective leaders, we need to know what is the meaning of leadership itself. Leadership has become a very interesting topic of historians and philosophy since ancient times. Since then experts have offered 350 definitions of leadership. One expert concluded that "Leadership is one of the easiest phenomena in observation but became one of the most elusive" (Richard L. Daft, 1999). Defining leadership is a complex and difficult problem, because of the nature of leadership itself is very complex. However, the development of science today has brought a lot of progress so that an understanding of leadership becomes more systematic and objective.

B. Definition of Leadership

Leadership is a concept that seems to be more based on experience. The meaning of the words chief or king can be found in several languages ​​just to show the distinction anatara governments of other community members.

The number of different concepts of leadership defiisi almost as much as the number of people who have tried to define it. To further facilitate the understanding

us, it will diacuh a definition that would afford a basis for discussing the concept of leadership itself. Leadership is a relationship of mutual influence between leaders and followers (subordinates) who want change reflecting real common goal (Joseph C. Rost., 1993).

A key element of this definition is summarized in the figure below. Leadership involves a profound relationship that occurs between people who want significant changes and these changes reflect the goals shared by leaders and followers (subordinates). The effect (influence) in the case of This means that the relationship between leaders and followers so it is not something passive, but it is a reciprocal relationship and without coercion. Thus leadership is itself a process of mutual influence.

Leader affects subordinates, and vice versa. People who involved in the relationship that wants a leader perubhan Can  expected to create significant changes in the organization and not maintain the status quo. Furthermore, the change is not something that you want a leader, but rather on the purpose (purposes) desired and possessed together. These goals are something to be desired, which is expected, which should achieved in the future so that this goal becomes the primary motivation vision and mission of the organization.

Leadership is the activity of the people, that occur between people, and not something that is done to the people so that leadership involves followers (followers). The process of leadership also involves the desire and intention, involvement active between leaders and followers to achieve the desired goals together. Thus, either the leader or follower take personal responsibility (personal responsibility) to achieve a common goal.

Many definitions of the concept of different leadership almost as much number of people who have tried to define it. Even though there are so many similarities between these definitions that allow the scheme rough classification.

1. Leadership as a focus group processes

Mumfrrord (1906-1907): "leadership is a person or a miraculous excellence individuals

in the group, in the control of social phenomena ".

Cooley (1902): "the leader is always at the core of the mainstream and on the other

hand, the whole social movements when examined carefully will consist of various

tendencies that have

core ".

Redl (1942): "a leader is a central figure who unites the group"

Brown (1936): "a leader can not be separated from the group, but may

viewed as a position with high potential in the field ".

Knickerbocker (1948): "Leadership is a function of the needs that arise in

certain situations and consists of the relationship between the individual and the group.

2. Leadership as a personality and as a result

Bowden (1926), equating leadership with the power of personality.

Tead (1929), leadership as a combination of different properties that allow

individuals influence others to do certain tasks.

Bogarus (1928), as the formation and state leadership behavior patterns

can make other people under his thumb.

3. Leadership as the art of influencing others

Munson (1921): "menghendle leadership as the ability of others to

obtain maximum results with the least possible friction and great cooperation.

Leadership is a strength of spirit / moral, creative and targeted ".

Stuart: "leadership as the ability to give the impression of desire

leader, which can cause compliance, respect, loyalty and

cooperation ".

Bundle (1930): "" view leadership as the art of influencing people

others to do what is expected so that other people do ".

Philips (1939): "leadership is the improvement, maintenance and direction of

moral unity to achieve the ultimate goal. "

4. Leadership as the use of influence

Shartle (1951): "As with the leader can be an individual who uses

positive influence through the actions of others ".

Tannenbaum, Weschler and Massank (1961): "leadership as influence

interpersonal, practiced in a situation and directed through the communication process

to achieve the goal.

5. Leadership as an act or behavior

Hemphill (1949): "Leadership is defined as the behavior of an individual

who said the group's activities "

6. Leadership as a form of persuasion

Schenk (1928): "Leadership is managing people through persuasion and

interpretation than through direct coercion ".

Meson (1934): "indicates the ability to influence leadership

people and generate a sense of security with the emotional approach of

on through the use of authoritarian ".

Copeland (1942): "Leadership is the art of dealing with others,

is the art of influencing people by persuasion with concrete examples. "

7. Leadership as a relationship of power

Widow (1960): "the type of leadership as power relations, characterized by perception

members of the group on the right of members of the group to determine the pattern of

behavior

according to the group's activities ".

Warriner (1955): "leadership as a form of relationship between human / individual

which requires conformity with the actions of each individual ".

8. Leadership as a means of achieving goals

Cowley (1928): "the leader is an individual who has a program, plan and

with members of the group moves to achieve goals in a certain way. "

Bellow (1959): "leadership as a process to create a situation so that the

members of the group, including the leader can achieve together with the results

maximal one in the short time.

9. Leadership as a result of the interaction

Borgardus (1929): "leadership are not caused or controllers, but

as aklibat of the action group. "

10. Leadership as a differentiating role

Sherif (1956): "states that leadership is a role in a

the scheme is determined by the relationship and mutual expectations between the

leader and other members ".

11. Leadership sebaga initiation structure

Stogdill (1955): "leadership as the initiation and maintenance of the structure of

expectations

and interaction ".